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- Request: nsfnet
- Topic: internet-overview
- Date: October 28, 1991
- Subject: Internet/NSFNET Overview and Introduction
-
-
- THE INTERNET: A WORLD OF CONNECTIONS
-
- The Internet is a worldwide collection of thousands of interconnected
- computer networks, which is used by approximately one million people
- daily. The networks in the Internet use either the TCP/IP protocol
- suite or the OSI protocol suite. Gateways exist that translate between
- the two protocols.
-
-
- THE HISTORY OF THE INTERNET
-
- The ancestry of the Internet is deeply rooted in the ARPANET, a network
- developed by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S.
- Department of Defense to aid in the sharing of information and resources
- among researchers. The ARPANET, which was made operational in 1969, was
- originally developed to allow researchers to login and run programs on
- remote computers, but it quickly became an essential tool for sharing
- information through, file transfer, electronic mail, and interest-group
- mailing lists.
-
- By 1980, the ARPANET had grown in size and other networks were being
- developed. The architects of the ARPANET recognized that they needed
- new protocols to communicate with other networks. Therefore they
- designed a new architecture and protocol suite called TCP/IP.
-
- The Internet first became operational in 1983, when the ARPANET was
- split into two separate networks, MILNET and ARPANET, which together
- formed the Internet. Each was given a network number, and gateways were
- installed to provide packet forwarding between them.
-
- When the ARPANET was split to form the Internet, the U.S. Defense
- Communications Agency (DCA) mandated the use of the TCP/IP protocol
- suite for all ARPANET hosts, and enforced this by modifying the packet
- switching software. This meant that more networks and gateways could be
- added to the Internet without any effect on the existing network.
-
- Since its creation in 1983, the Internet has grown exponentially in
- terms of numbers of networks connected to it. By 1985, the number was
- approximately one hundred. By 1987, the number had grown to two
- hundred; in 1989, it exceeded five hundred. According to tables kept at
- the DDN Network Information Center (DDN NIC), there were 2,218 networks
- connected to the Internet as of January 1990. The NSFNET policy-based
- routing database maintained by the MERIT/NSFNET Network Operations
- Center indicates that there were close to 4,000 announced networks as of
- June, 1991.
-
-
- NSFNET
-
- As the Internet has grown its underpinnings have changed. ARPANET and
- MILNET continued to grow, and other backbone networks were added to the
- Internet. NSFNET began providing backbone Internet service in July 1986
- to permit supercomputer centers to communicate. NSFNET's scope has
- since expanded, and today it is the United States' national research
- network. It has extended to the academic commercial communities and
- TCP/IP services that were previously available to government
- researchers. NSFNET links mid-level networks, which in turn connect
- networks at universities and commercial enterprises. Therefore, NSFNET,
- like the Internet of which it forms a large part, is itself a network of
- networks. Several international networks are also connected to the
- NSFNET Backbone, such as: CA*NET (the Canadian Research Network),
- NORDUNET (the Nordic Academic Network), and ILAN (the Israeli Academic
- Network).
-
- As NSFNET has grown to handle much of the interconnection load of the
- Internet, other networks have outgrown their usefulness and been
- eliminated. A milestone in this area was the decommissioning of the
- ARPANET in June 1990. The Defense Communications Agency shut down the
- ARPANET because its functions had been subsumed by the mid-level
- networks and NSFNET. Perhaps the greatest testimony to the architecture
- of the Internet is that when ARPANET, the network from which the
- Internet grew, was turned off, no one but network staff was aware of it.
-
- The most commonly used services of the Internet are electronic mail,
- file transfer, and remote login. Of these three services, electronic
- mail is probably the most widespread because it is often the only way to
- exchange information between the Internet and networks that do not use
- Internet protocols. Electronic mail allows computer users to exchange
- messages via a communications network. Hundreds of Internet
- (interest-specific) mailing lists exist, and similar information can be
- imported from other networks, such as BITNET and USENET.
-
-
- FILE TRANSFER
-
- The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the Internet standard protocol for
- moving files from one computer to another. Internet users can invoke
- the FTP command to copy computer files containing information in a
- variety of formats, such as software, documentation, and maps. FTP is
- available on machines at sites across the Internet. However, most files
- are protected so that people using the FTP command cannot change or
- delete Remote Login (TELNET) TELNET is a program that allows a user at
- one site to work on a computer at another site. It is the Internet
- standard protocol for remote terminal connection service. TELNET
- requires Internet access (the user must be on a TCP/IP network that has
- a gateway to the Internet). Unlike FTP and electronic mail, TELNET
- exposes users to the commands and programs of the remote host. For
- example, a computer user can invoke the TELNET command to run a program
- in a directory on a supercomputer hundreds of miles away.
-
- In most cases, the user must make arrangements beforehand to use TELNET
- on a remote host. Some interactive programs allow any network traveller
- to log in with no password or a password that is advertised. Sometimes
- the password is "anonymous" and the password can be "guest." The type of
- activity allowed with anonymous TELNET is restricted.
-
- Resources available on the Internet include computing centers, on-line
- library catalogs, data archives, software and mailing list archives, and
- on-line databases that contain basic contact information about network
- users.
-
- The Internet Resource Guide is an on-line reference that describes many
- of the services available on the Internet. The Internet Resource Guide
- is provided by the NSF Network Service Center (NNSC) at BBN Systems and
- Technologies, a division of Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. If you wish to
- receive a copy of the guide, send an electronic mail message to
- nnsc@nnsc.nsf.net, call (617) 873-3400, or send postal mail to NNSC,
- Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., 10 Moulton Street, Mail Stop 6/3B,
- Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA.
-
- --Adapted from the Internet Tour
-
-
-